History of the Division of Medical Sciences

History of the Division of Medical Sciences Sami Hamarneh SECTION OF MATERIA MEDICA (1881-1898) 272 DIVISION OF MEDICINE (1898-1939) 276 DIVISION OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH (1939-1957) 281 DIVISION OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (1957 TO PRESENT) 290 A NEW DIMENSION FOR THE HEALING ARTS 292 BIBLIOGRAPHY 297 FOOTNOTES INDEX [270] Figure 1.—Early View of the United … Continue reading →

The “Pioneer”: Light Passenger Locomotive of 1851

The “Pioneer”: Light Passenger Locomotive of 1851 In the Museum of History and Technology John H. White THE CUMBERLAND VALLEY RAILROAD 244 SERVICE HISTORY OF THE “PIONEER” 249 MECHANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE “PIONEER” 251 FOOTNOTES INDEX [242] Figure 1.—The “Pioneer,” built in 1851, shown here as renovated and exhibited in the Museum of History and Technology, 1964. … Continue reading →

Tunnel Engineering—A Museum Treatment

Tunnel Engineering—A Museum Treatment Robert M. Vogel INTRODUCTION 203 ROCK TUNNELING 206 SOFT-GROUND TUNNELING 215 BIBLIOGRAPHY 239 FOOTNOTES INDEX [202] Figure 1.—Mining by early European civilizations, using fire setting and hand chiseling to break out ore and rock. MHT model—3/4” scale. (Smithsonian photo 49260-H.) [203] Robert M. Vogel TUNNEL ENGINEERING—A MUSEUM TREATMENT During the years … Continue reading →

History of Phosphorus

History of Phosphorus Eduard Farber THE ELEMENT FROM ANIMALS AND PLANTS 178 EARLY USES 181 CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION OF PHOSPHORIC ACIDS 182 PHOSPHATES AS PLANT NUTRIENTS 185 FROM INORGANIC TO ORGANIC PHOSPHATES 187 PHOSPHATIDES AND PHOSPHAGENS 189 NUCLEIN AND NUCLEIC ACIDS 192 PHOSPHATES IN BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES 197 MEDICINES AND POISONS 198 INDEX [178] Eduard Farber HISTORY … Continue reading →

Fulton’s “Steam Battery”: Blockship and Catamaran

Fulton’s “Steam Battery”: Blockship and Catamaran Howard I. Chapelle SURVIVING DESIGNS FOR FLOATING BATTERIES 145 CONTROVERSIAL DESCRIPTIONS 147 COPENHAGEN PLANS 150 HISTORY OF DOUBLE-HULL CRAFT 152 SAIL AND INBOARD PLANS 157 RECONSTRUCTING THE PLANS 161 NAVAL STEAMERS 167 INDEX [138] Figure 1.—Scale model of Fulton’s Steam Battery in the Museum of History and Technology. (Smithsonian photo P-63390-F.) [139] … Continue reading →

The Earliest Electromagnetic Instruments

The Earliest Electromagnetic Instruments Robert A. Chipman ELECTROSTATIC INSTRUMENTS BEFORE 1800 123 INSTRUMENTING VOLTAIC OR GALVANIC ELECTRICITY, 1800-1820 124 ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTATION, 1800-1820 125 OERSTED’S DISCOVERY 126 BEGINNINGS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INSTRUMENTATION 126 CHRONOLOGY AND PRIORITY 127 ORIGINAL ELECTROMAGNETIC MULTIPLIERS 129 CONCLUSIONS 135 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 136 INDEX [122] Figure 1.—Models of various electromagnetic instruments created by Schweigger, Poggendorf and … Continue reading →

Screw-Thread Cutting by the Master-Screw Method Since 1480

Screw-Thread Cutting by the Master-Screw Method Since 1480 Edwin A. Battison [106] Edwin A. Battison SCREW-THREAD CUTTING BY THE MASTER-SCREW METHOD SINCE 1480 Among the earliest known examples of screw-thread cutting machines are the screw-cutting lathe of 1483, known only in pictures and drawings, and an instrument of the traverse-spindle variety for threading metal, now … Continue reading →

The Engineering Contributions of Wendel Bollman

The Engineering Contributions of Wendel Bollman Robert M. Vogel EARLY CAREER 80 THE BOLLMAN TRUSS 85 W. BOLLMAN AND COMPANY 91 FINAL USE OF THE BOLLMAN TRUSS 95 KNOWN BOLLMAN WORKS 99 BIBLIOGRAPHY 104 INDEX [78] Figure 1.—Wendel Bollman, C.E. (1814-1884). (Photo courtesy of Dr. Stuart Christhilf.) [79] Robert M. Vogel THE ENGINEERING CONTRIBUTIONS OF WENDEL … Continue reading →

The Borghesi Astronomical Clock

The Borghesi Astronomical Clock In the Museum of History and Technology Silvio A. Bedini DEVELOPMENT OF ASTRONOMICAL CLOCKS 32 DESIGNER BORGHESI 33 CLOCKMAKER BERTOLLA 34 FIRST BORGHESI CLOCK 38 SECOND BORGHESI CLOCK 41 BORGHESIAN THEORY OF THE UNIVERSE 54 LAST YEARS 57 THE CLOCKS OF BARTOLOMEO ANTONIO BERTOLLA 59 APPENDIX 71 BIBLIOGRAPHY 76 INDEX [30] … Continue reading →

The 1893 Duryea Automobile

The 1893 Duryea Automobile In the Museum of History and Technology Don H. Berkebile EARLY AUTOMOTIVE EXPERIENCE 5 CONSTRUCTION BEGINS 6 DESCRIPTION OF THE AUTOMOBILE 16 INDEX [2] Figure 1.—Duryea automobile in the Museum of History and Technology, from an 1897 photograph. The gear-sprockets were already missing when this was taken, and the chain lies loosely … Continue reading →